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Pre-contact Noth America:
- Hard to research because history wasn't well documented or preserved
- Native Americans have their own oral histories
- Native Americans came to the Americas in three waves of migration
15,000+ Years Ago 1st Wave of migration:
- Constantly pursued game
- Lived very hard constantly mobile lives
- Came across the Bering Land Bridge, caused by the Ice Age lowering the sea level, to get to Alaska
- By 10,000+ years ago 1st Wave had settled across the content
8,000-10,000 Years Ago* 2nd Wave:
- Used boats to cross the Bering straight
- Decendants are the Navajo, Apache, Inuit, and Aluit
... 3rd Wave:
- Didn't spread as far as the first wave*
... Paleo Indians:
- Nomadic peoples in groups of 15-50 individuals
- From 1st wave of migration
- Found a "hunter's paradise" full of large slow herbavores
- Mammoths, large bison, carribou, etc.
- 2/3 of species over 100 pounds died out because of over-hunting and climate change
- This forced them to diversify their food and resources becoming the Archaic People
... Archaic People:
- More complex and stationary life
- Still nomadic but started building temporary base camps*
- Hunt more diverse animals and new food sources leads to a population boom
- Start modifying the enviroment but don't develop farming
- Starting staying within smaller patches of land and developing cultures and traditions
- Stories, rituals, languages, etc.
- Developed trade networks all the way from the Great Lakes to the coast
0 AD Anasazi:
- Anasazi people emerge in modern-day Arizona, Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico
- Bricks moratar, and tile were their building matrials
- Buildings even as tall as 2-4 stories
300-1100 Hohokam:
- Hohokam people emerge in modern-day Arizona
- Series of culturally similar villages
- No beasts of burden, writing system, or wheel
- Rules by a hybrid cheif and religous figure
- Exchanged resources and teachings with nearby groups
- Extensive and large irrigation canals
- Later used by Mormons after abandoned
800 Cahokia:
- City of Cahokia emerges in modern-day Illinois
- Adopts the trinity (corns, beans, and squash) and population booms
- At it's height it's population (900-1100) is larger than London at the time
- Known for their mound building
- Has a "woodhenge" tracks the calendar and solstices and equinoxes
1300 Anasazi Colapse:
- Anasazi go through a famine because of overpopulation, over dependence on corn, and droughts
- The famine leads to unstable politics and violence
- Anasazi society colapses
- Turn into Zuni, Acoma, and others
1300-1450 Cahokia Colapse:
- Colapses for similar reasons to the Anasazi
1450 Hohokam Colapse
Colonisation:
- Different European countries had different stratagies for dealing with Indigenous Americans and thus different relationships with them
- The Spanish created missions and tried to convert them
- The French did this as well but also participated a lot in the fur trade which required collaboration with Indigenous Americans
- The English and Dutch
- Ofter new colonies in the Americas struggles with diplomacy and war with the Native Americans in the area and growing their onwn food
- Many of these colonies either imported or captured slaves (both African and Native American) but opinions differed between colonies on weather this was a permenant or temporary condition and weather it was passed down through the generations
1754-1763 French and Indian War:
- Started in Ohio Valley
- 4 different groups wanted to claim the region: Virginians, Pennsylvanians, French, and Native Americans
- 1750 Frnech soldiers enter the region because they worry Pensylvanian traders are stealing Native American trade from them
- French construct a series of forts to prevent the British colonies from expanding
- Then the Ohio company is granted land from the British crown that contains land the French have already laid claim to
- English send a messanger (George Washington) to tell the French they're tresspassing on their land
- The French don't listen and consruct Ft. Duquesne
- British send Washington back with 160 troops and Native American allies, but tell him not to provoke the French too much and start a war
- Washington talks with to French again and a scuffle breaks out
- Some of the Native American allies scalp and kill injured French soldiers
- Washington retreats and builds Ft. Necessity
- Native Americans leave and ally with the French because Washington is too young and won't take their advice
- Reinforcements come to help Washington
- French toops attack and 1/3 of troops are killed or injured
- War starts
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